The 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia

The Battle of Mogadishu was fought on October 3-4, 1993, during the Somali Civil War in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States military supported by United Nations troops and Somali militiamen loyal to the self-proclaimed Somalian president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid. Key Takeaways: Battle of Mogadishu The Battle of Mogadishu was fought in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3-4, 1993, as part of the Somali Civil War. The battle was fought between a United States Special Forces team and Somali rebels loyal to the self-proclaimed Somalian president-to-be Mohamed Farrah Aidid.When two U.S. Black Hawk helicopters were shot down, the initially successful operation degenerated into a desperate overnight rescue mission.A total of 18 American soldiers were killed during the 15-hour battle eventually depicted in the 2001 movie â€Å"Black Hawk Down. On October 3, 1993, a special operations unit of U.S. Army Ranger and Delta Force troops headed for the center of Mogadishu, Somalia to capture three rebel leaders. The mission was thought to be relatively straightforward, but when two U.S. Blackhawk helicopters were shot down, the mission took a disastrous turn for the worse. By the time the sun set over Somalia the next day, a total of 18 Americans had been killed and another 73 wounded. U.S. helicopter pilot Michael Durant had been taken prisoner, and hundreds of Somali civilians had died in what would become known as the Battle of Mogadishu. While many of the exact details of the fighting remain lost in the fog or war, a brief history of why U.S. military forces were fighting in Somalia in the first place may help bring clarity to the chaos that ensued. Background: The Somali Civil War In 1960, Somalia — now an impoverished Arab state of about 10.6 million people located on the eastern horn of Africa — gained its independence from France. In 1969, after nine years of democratic rule, the freely-elected Somali government was overthrown in a military coup mounted by a tribal warlord named Muhammad Siad Barre. In a failed attempt to establish what he called â€Å"scientific socialism,† Barre placed much of Somalia’s failing economy under government control enforced by his bloodthirsty military regime. Far from prospering under Barre’s rule, the Somali people fell even deeper into poverty. Starvation, crippling drought, and a costly ten-year war with neighboring Ethiopia plunged the nation deeper into despair. In 1991, Barre was overthrown by opposing clans of tribal warlords who proceeded to fight each other for control of the country in the Somali Civil War. As the fighting moved from town-to-town, the impoverished Somali capital city of Mogadishu became, as it was portrayed by author Mark Bowden in his 1999 novel â€Å"Black Hawk Down† to be â€Å"the world capital of things-gone-completely-to-hell.† By the end of 1991, fighting in Mogadishu alone had resulted in the deaths or injury of over 20,000 people. Battles between the clans had destroyed Somalia’s agriculture, leaving most of the country in starvation. Humanitarian relief efforts undertaken by the international community were thwarted by local warlords who hijacked an estimated 80% of the food intended for the Somali people. Despite the relief efforts, an estimated 300,000 Somalis died of starvation during 1991 and 1992. Following a temporary ceasefire between the warring clans in July 1992, the United Nations sent 50 military observers to Somalia to safeguard the relief efforts. US Involvement in Somalia Begins and Grows U.S. military involvement in Somalia began in August 1992, when President George H. W. Bush sent 400 troops and ten C-130 transport planes to the region to support the multinational U.N. relief effort. Flying out of nearby Mombasa, Kenya, the C-130s delivered over 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies in the mission officially called Operation Provide Relief. The efforts of Operation Provide Relief failed to stem the rising tide of suffering in Somalia as the number of dead rose to an estimated 500,000, with another 1.5 million displaced. In December 1992, the U.S. launched Operation Restore Hope, a major joint-command military mission to better protect the U.N. humanitarian effort. With the U.S. providing overall command of the operation, elements of the U.S. Marine Corps quickly secured control of nearly one-third of Mogadishu including its seaport and airport. After a rebel militia led by Somali warlord and clan leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid ambushed a Pakistani peacekeeping team in June 1993, the UN representative in Somalia ordered Aidid’s arrest. The U.S. Marines were assigned the job of capturing Aidid and his top lieutenants, leading to the ill-fated Battle of Mogadishu. Battle of Mogadishu: A Mission Gone Bad On October 3, 1993, Task Force Ranger, composed of elite U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy special operations troops, launched a mission intended to capture warlord Mohamed Far Aidid and two top leaders of his Habr Gidr clan. Task Force Ranger consisted of 160 men, 19 aircraft, and 12 vehicles. In a mission planned to take no longer than one hour, Task Force Ranger was to travel from its camp on the outskirts of the city to a burned-out building near the center of Mogadishu where Aidid and his lieutenants were believed to be meeting. While the operation initially succeeded, the situation quickly spiraled out of control as Task Force Range attempted to return to headquarters. Within minutes, the â€Å"one-hour† mission would turn into a deadly overnight rescue campaign that became the Battle of Mogadishu. Blackhawk Down Minutes after Task Force Ranger began to leave the scene, they were attacked by Somali militia and armed civilians. Two U.S. Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled-grenades (RPGs) and three others were badly damaged. Among the crew of the first Blackhawk shot down, the pilot and co-pilot were killed, and five soldiers on board were injured in the crash, including one who later died of his wounds. While some of the crash survivors were able to evacuate, others remained pinned down by enemy small arms fire. In the battle to protect crash survivors, two Delta Force soldiers, Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. First Class Randall Shughart, were killed by enemy gunfire and were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 1994. As it circled the crash scene providing covering fire, a second Blackhawk was shot down. While three crewmembers were killed, pilot Michael Durant, though suffering a broken back and leg, lived, only to be taken prisoner by Somali militiamen. The urban battle to rescue Durant and other crash survivors would continue through the night of October 3 and well into the afternoon of October 4. Though physically mistreated by his captors, Durant was released 11 days later after negotiations led by U.S. diplomat Robert Oakley. Along with the 18 Americans who lost their lives during the 15-hour battle, an unknown number of Somali militiamen and civilians were killed or injured. Estimates of Somali militia killed range from several hundred to over a thousand, with another 3,000 to 4,000 injured. The Red Cross estimated that some 200 Somali civilians — some of whom reportedly attacked Americans — were killed in the fighting. Somalia Since  the Battle of Mogadishu Days after the fighting ended, President Bill Clinton ordered the withdrawal of all U.S. troops from Somalia within six months. By 1995, the UN’s humanitarian relief mission in Somalia ended in failure. While Somali warlord Aidid survived the battle and enjoyed local fame for â€Å"defeating† the Americans, he reportedly died of a heart attack after surgery for a gunshot wound less than three years later. Today, Somalia remains one of the most impoverished and dangerous countries in the world. According to the international Human Rights Watch, Somali civilians continue to endure dire humanitarian conditions along with physical abuse by warring tribal leaders. Despite the installation of an internationally-backed government in 2012, the nation is now threatened by al-Shabab, a terror group associated with Al-Qaeda. Human Rights Watch reports that during 2016, al-Shabab committed targeted killings, beheadings, and executions, particularly of those accused of spying and collaborating with the government. â€Å"The armed group continues to administer arbitrary justice, forcibly recruits children, and severely restricts basic rights in areas under its control,† stated the organization. On October 14, 2017, two terrorist bombings in Mogadishu killed more than 350 people. While no terror group claimed responsibility for the bombings, the U.N.-backed Somali government blamed al-Shabab. Two weeks later, on October 28, 2017, a deadly overnight siege of a Mogadishu hotel killed at least 23 people. Al-Shabab claimed the attack was part of its ongoing insurgency in Somalia.

Communication Is The First Thing We Really Need Essay

Introduction I. â€Å"Communication is the first thing we really learn in life. Funny thing is, once we grow up, learn our words and really start talking, the harder it becomes to know what to say. Or how to ask for what we really need.† -Meredith Gray. What happens to a car when you don’t change the oil? What happens to a house when you don’t properly maintain it? Have you ever tried to fix something without the correct tools you needed? It’s frustrating and often times will end up a disaster. If you don’t have the proper tools for communication, it too can lead to a disaster. II. As you listen to my presentation today, I ask that you think of a toolbox which holds your communication skills – your listening, speaking, writing, conflict management and relationship maintenance skills. Effective communication tools are important life skill that enables us to better understand and connect with the people around us. It allows us to build respect and trust, resolve differences, and adapt to different situations in life. III. A complete communication toolbox, filled with skills and abilities is what we all need to be successful communicators for our careers and personal relationships. There’s three communication tools that I want to talk about with you today. Listening, non-verbal communication, and emotional expression. Body I. The first communication tool I will strengthen in my toolbox is listening. We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as weShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Reflective Paper1020 Words   |  5 Pagesnew school year, I come to the HKBU College of international education for studying. I find my first new friend in here, a girl who called Evelyn. And my topic of this reflective paper is about the relationship between my new friend Evelyn and me. I met Evelyn on 17th September, my first school day in CIE. 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Describe How a Learning Support Practitioner free essay sample

Planning: As a teaching assistant, I assist the teacher in planning for lessons by first having an informal discussion with both the teacher and the LSA in order to determine what the learning objectives are for the upcoming topics, so both I and the LSA know what the learning outcomes are and what is expected of the children. It should be noted, as I am only in placement one day a week, the teacher has in the past provided me (via email), with a breakdown of lesson plans for the week so I know what has been covered in the days I was absent. During this discussion I am able to put forth my ideas on how best I think the topic should be delivered and what groups of children I should sit next to provide additional support as they may struggle the most. At this point, I will also discuss a range of activities and styles to match the needs of individual children or groups that could be used to promote the learning outcomes, to ensure all needs are met and to identify any barriers that may become apparent during the lesson. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe How a Learning Support Practitioner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discussing and planning the activities beforehand gives me the opportunity to explore the activity which will ensure that I am confident in using the materials, will enable me to familiarise myself with new equipment which I can then make sure is age appropriate and can be adapted and made simpler for the pupils that may need extra support and help. The next phase in the planning of lessons will involve me preparing the agreed activities, worksheets or relevant material. I may be required to print, photocopy or prepare the classroom by proving enough glue, scissors, paints or special types of paper e. . sugar paper, tissue paper etc. Delivery: The delivery of a lesson is fundamental as it enables children and young people to learn effectively. They are able to grasp topics better when a pre planned lesson is delivered to a high quality. My role as a teaching assistant requires me to support particular groups of children in their activities and ensure that they stay on task and comple te their work to the best of their abilities. After the teacher has sat the children on the carpet to explain what activity is next, she’d send them off to their assigned tables for them to begin. I usually sit with the blue or yellow table as there are these are lower ability tables and the children on these tables not only struggle to comprehend activities but also struggle to stay on task. I try to make the activity as fun as possible in a way that evolves the teachers plan but also suits my teaching style and methods. I usually try to turn all activates whether it be numeracy, literacy or science into a group activity so each child takes it in turns to answer questions. I think this method is best for the lower abilities as it encourages the children to interact with each other by sharing their opinions, comments and questions and also provides them with confidence to answer questions without worrying about giving the wrong answer. When asking questions I keep them open-ended (e. g. who, what, when, where, why) instead of using questions which encourages them to answer simply yes and no (Baker, B. , Burnham, L. , 2010). When I see a child is struggling, my role is to firstly re-explain what they are meant to do then to ask them what exactly they are struggling with. Although many times the children will try to convince me to do their work and try to make me give them word for word answers, I stay strong in my resolve and explain that if I give them all the answers they’ll never learn. Once they understand my reasoning, the children get on with their work and ask me to aide them in spelling. To do this I sound out the works and then sound out the letters by using the schools phonics technique. Review: At the end of each activity, the teacher calls the attention of the class and goes around to each table to ask one child what they were doing and how they found it. When the children have gone out for break, lunch or a lesson that is based in another room (e. g. music, ICT or French), the teacher will sit with myself and the LSA and ask us for our feedback. At this point the LSA and I will give the teacher a breakdown on each child’s participation and their ability to complete the activity. I will also inform her of who struggled with what and possible ideas as to how to make the activity easier next time so they could get the best possible learning experience e. g. esources and materials that are best suited to their ability. If the teacher has any concerns on how I delivered the lesson, she would inform me at this point and give me tips on how to improve for my own personal development. An example of when I effectively helped plan was when the class teacher informed me that on the following day the red table (the higher tier table and the group of children I was going to work with) was going to read a book about ice cream as part of the ir assisted reading for literacy. I was asked to come up with possible questions for them to demonstrate that they can effectively use previous knowledge of how to use the contents page and glossary to find information. I was also asked to teach them something new in relations to the book. I went home and decided that the new topic the children will learn will be on how to use the index. I also decided that as the book was on ice cream, I’d use different coloured paper (one for each child on red table) to represent the different flavours of ice cream and write clear and concise questions for them, so they could use the book to find the answers e. . ‘what is ice cream made from’? , ‘when was ice cream first served in England’?. I then wrote two instructions on each paper on how they could find the answers and also to find the meaning of a particular word on the page e. g. ‘use the contents page and go to the page what is ice cream made from’, ‘use the glossary to tel l me what products mean’, ‘use the index and search for England’, ‘use the glossary and tell me what banquet means’. The next day I delivered the pre planned lesson by sitting down at the table ith the children at the red table, and explaining to them what we were going to do. I opened one of the papers to show them what type of questions they were being asked, explaining that all the answers could be found by following the instructions at the bottom of the page and letting them know that I wanted them to not only write their answers down but also to write down the meanings of the words that are written in the instructions by using the glossary. I then re explained to them what a glossary and contents page was and how they could be used. I also explained what an index was and that a few of the questions would require them to use the index, which I know they were unfamiliar with but if they got stuck I was there to help. The teacher then gathered the class on the carpet and asked two of the children to come to the front of the class and explain what they did, which they did effectively. During break time, I sat with the teacher and gave her feedback on how the group performed, then details on each child’s individual performance.

Interconnected Cloud Computing Environments MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Interconnected Cloud Computing Environments. Answer: Introduction: The cloud computing has been the practice where network of the remote servers are hosted. This has been done over the Internet. It helps in storing, managing and processing information. This is done unlike what is performed on the personal computers or the local servers (Botta et al., 2016). The SoftArc Engineering Ltd is the organization of civil engineering working around Australia and many other countries. It has been considering various proposals of strategy that are required to be analyzed. The following report is prepared on SoftArc, discussing its various aspects of cloud computing. The cloud architectures are demonstrated below: Cloud Architecture Descriptions Reasons for deploying it Workload Distribution Architecture It has been decreasing the over-usage of the IT resources. Besides this the under-usage has been also considered. It has been relying upon the ability of runtime logics and load-balancing algorithms to some extent (Wei et al., 2014). The cloud usage monitor is included here. This is done for carrying the runtime workload tracking. It is also useful in processing of the information. Resource Pooling Architecture It is lying on the ground of using resource pools. Here the similar resources of IT are grouped. Along with this also controlling has been done by this system. It has also been ensuring their synchronization in automatic manner. Many cloud usage monitors are included here during the runtime. This helps in tracking and synchronizing the elements needed by IT resources that are pooled. Here other underlying management systems are also considered (Buyya, Vecchiola Selvi, 2013). Dynamic Scalability Architecture This model is lying on the logics of the predefined systems of scaling. These are triggering the allocation of IT resources dynamically. It is done from the resource pools. The particularized monitors of the cloud usage have been able to track the utilizing of the runtime. This has been regarding the dynamic fluctuation because of to the architecture. Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture It has been related with the provisioning of virtual servers in dynamic manner. It has been utilizing systems allocating and reclaiming of the RAM along with the CPUs (Toosi, Calheiros Buyya, 2014). The cloud usage monitoring has been gathering the data used resource regarding the IT previously and then during and lastly after the scaling is done. The benefits against implementing the architecture are: Cost: Here, there have been no computing or hardware resources waiting for balance sheets. Depreciation and monthly reviewing of the system usage is absent. Scale: Flexibility and elasticity: It is able to transfer from the private to the public networks in-order to test latest applications. Speed: The virtual resources could adopt the requirements of business objectives easily. There has been fast expansion of the speeds of bandwidth according to requirements (Toosi, Calheiros Buyya, 2014). Integration: It helps in delivering easy access to the traditional SQL databases. It further gives analytical opportunities to limitless business requirements. Risk of losing control Risks about cloud security Risks regarding compliance The task overseeing the chances inside the organization is to be done. The overall control on each section of the technology planning has been required. In any case, as cloud-based instruments are used, changes in programming and application happen on the supplier's side. This indicates that the officials might not have anything to claim. Along these lines, standout amongst the most critical dangers hybrid computing has been the apparent loss of management (Chen et al., 2015). The applications change constantly. As those applications have been outside the organization's management, they are captured ill-equipped as an unexpected updating of software take place. A solitary change in application creates coordination issues with different projects, prompting real disturbances in the most basic applications of business. A great deal has been said recently in regards to the cloud and its clear intrinsic dangers. It has been regarding the. The clouds market security measures have been rising every day. This has been a reasonable sign that security has been concerning the organization. There have been some principle security challenges for associations that convey the hybrid cloud methodologies. These incorporate, security administration, risk management and inadequately developed administration level agreements. The vast majority of these issues originate from the confusions. These complications have been arising as the private and open cloud is both utilized as a part of conjunction with each other. This problem accompanies the previously mentioned security challenges. SoftArc need to guarantee that every section of their strategies regarding cloud has been consistent with the regulations of any industries. It has been vital to guarantee the information going amongst private and open cloud situations has been safe, too. On the off chance that the organization has been working with payment-card data, it is liable to the guidelines put forward by the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (Tebaa Hajji, 2014). These directions should be overseen appropriately, and in specific conditions, the hybrid IT could convolute successful administration techniques. The general controls and securities of Information security for securing the hybrid clouds: Determining the model of cloud deployment for the data: The critical step has been defining the proper data at first. The deployment options have been on the premises, hosted private clouds, public clouds and combination of all of these. Here the controlled interfaces are put in place. With the help of this the cloud service components are able to intrude into the on-premise systems. This could be done by the technologies like the API management. The business and management aspects of integration are required to b considered. It also includes the functional integrating of systems. Demanding of the cloud services delivers back-up standards for the interfaces of cloud services (Gai et al., 2016). The needs of every link in the components are to be considered. This component has been spanning various cloud-services. They have been assuring connectivity availability for the requirements. The network virtualization usage is considered if available. The capability of connectivity supporting resiliencies and the requirements of disaster recovery are ensured. Developing the service agreements and the governance policies: Here the assessment of the current governance framework and compliance is done. Further the harmonization of processes and identification of gaps are performed. The efficient and thorough change management is ensured. Enough time has been allowed here to habituate and educate the alterations across SoftArc. Gaps regarding management and measurement visibility are identified (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2016). Understanding of the interfaces between the parts running in the private cloud administrations is done. This also includes the open cloud administrations and the on-premises. Proper and steady security measures of all of them are applied. Evaluation of position of every datasets within the hybrid-cloud arrangement is done. Further guarantee of the utilization of steady access to encryption and controls are ensured. When relocating application segments between the environments, the privacy controls are checked. Recommends included in the SoftArc Engineerings BCP : The hybrid cloud condition has been the cloud run for home due to various causes. The least of that are business resilience, disaster recuperation and reinforcement. The basic reason is that it gives the adaptability to span local and remote storages. The hybrid clouds help in enabling to have alternatives. This occurs especially on the off chance that an open cloud is leveraged more and more for backing up. At the end of the day, utilizing the cloud has begun with for something beyond an objective where information is dumped in the required event. That sets the phase for utilizing the cloud to really reestablish or restart, continue, revamp, reconstitute and remake the on-premises condition for recovering the disasters (Hwang, Dongarra Fox, 2013). An environment of hybrid cloud is additionally the home run because of the adjustment of current resources. The current infrastructure worked with can be secured. Furthermore the clouds abilities could be leveraged to improve the atmosphere. This occurs in the perfect scenario where creation of a dynamic, flexible condition is intended. This has been required as the Windows 8 incorporates the Server Manager, the Microsoft Management Console snap-ins, Windows PowerShell cmdlets and suppliers. It also includes the command-line tools to control the features and responsibilities running on Windows Server 2012. In restricted cases, the instruments can be utilized to oversee parts and components that has been running over Windows Server 2008 R2 or the Windows Server 2008. Some of the requirements perform to control the same at Windows Server 2003. The OnCommand cloud manager could be utilized to deliver the core point of management for every endpoint of the data fabric. This is done one the cloud. It helps in replication of information around the multi-cloud and hybrid storage. It further manages the expense of the cloud storages (Leymann et al., 2014). That movement to the cloud has numerous ramifications. Most of them are imperative changes on the standards of the SLA. Traditionally, undertaking IT groups have finished control over their assets and can characterize their SLAs as per the abilities of the domains that are closed and on-premises. The presentation of the open cloud, be that as it may, separates conventional boundaries of data center (Jula, Sundararajan Othman, 2014). Furthermore, with the hybrid cloud, containing both the on-premises and different off-premises assets and stages, SLAs needs the covering up of ability of numerous IT atmospheres. Description of the steps included in plan asked: The SharePoint over the AWS is to be run. This is to be done for scaling and deployment of the collaboration platform very fast. The advantages that the cloud of AWS has been offering must be taken as benefited. It includes the scalability, data integrity and pricing to run the current SharePoint workloads. The AWS has been delivering opportunities to use the current licenses of Microsoft. Checking of the appropriate table entries of route for the KMS access and metadata is done. The security group regulations of the AWS should be compared with the rules of Windows firewall. The version checking of the PV driver is to be done. Checking of whether the registry key of the Real-Times-Universal key has been set is done (Kalloniatis et al., 2014). While utilizing numerous different NICSs, the default settings of gateway is to be implemented Within the mini dump file the bug checking of the codes is to be done. Conclusion: For quite a while, the cloud computing is the objective of the decision makers of SoftArc. Yet the greatly security-awareness have been reluctant to transfer their information and workloads in cloud. Presently, besides the basic innovation behind cloud administrations, another model for cloud computing is picking up a solid footing in business. This is the hybrid cloud. The hybrid cloud selection has been successful venture for SoftArc that have a more tightly concentration over privacy and specific physical demands of presence. In spite of the fact that there is extraordinarily limited hazard in a hybrid cloud framework, permitting access from an open cloud has the remote capability of being uncertain. It has been further being the course through which information can be collected. This, notwithstanding, is valid for any open system communication. Eventually, hybrid cloud enables associations to use the abilities of open cloud stage suppliers without offloading whole of their inform ation to any outsider server farm. This gives a lot of adaptability in figuring assignments, keeping the imperative parts inside the SoftArcs firewall. References: Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., Pescap, A. (2016). Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: a survey.Future Generation Computer Systems,56, 684-700. Buyya, R., Vecchiola, C., Selvi, S. T. (2013).Mastering cloud computing: foundations and applications programming. Newnes. Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Hu, L., Taleb, T., Sheng, Z. (2015). Cloud-based wireless network: Virtualized, reconfigurable, smart wireless network to enable 5G technologies.Mobile Networks and Applications,20(6), 704-712. Choi, C., Choi, J., Kim, P. (2014). 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