Abolish The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology

Abolish The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology Abolish The Death Penalty Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty The death penalty is a major issue that brings up a lot of arguments in our society. The most important question concerning the death penalty is whether it should be abolished or not. I think that the death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is the ultimate cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment. Race, social and economic status, location of crime, and pure chance may be deciding factors in death sentencing. In addition, prosecutors seek the death penalty far more frequently when the victim of the homicide is white than when the victim is black. The actual cost of an execution is substantially higher than the cost of imprisoning a person for life. Death was formerly the penalty for all felonies in English law. In practice the death penalty was never applied as widely as the law provided, as a variety of procedures were adopted to decrease the harshness of the law. Many offenders who committed capital crimes were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to be transported to what were then the American colonies; others were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy(Ploski 2). The beginning of benefit of clergy was that offenders who were established priests were subject to trial by the church courts rather than the non-religious courts. If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had be ordained, he was allowed to go free, subject to the possibility of being punished by the ecclesiastical courts. In medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy, and it became the custom by the 17th century to allow anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by giving proof of literacy(Ploski 4). In 18th-century England concern with rising crime led to many statutes either extending the number of offenses punishable with death or doing away with benefit of clergy for existing felonies, which as a result became capital(Black 2). By the end of the 18th-century English criminal law contained about 200 capital offenses. Many offenders who were convicted of capital crimes escaped the gallows as a result of reprieves and royal pardons, usually on condition of transportation, and many others who were charged with capital crimes were acquitted against the evidence, because the jury was unwilling to see the death penalty applied in a minor case(Black 5). The unpredictable application of the death penalty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to demands for humanitarian reform. Between 1820 and 1840 most capital statutes were repealed, and by 1861 only murder, treason, arson in a royal dockyard, and piracy with violence retained the death penalty. Until the mid-19th century executions in England were public, and throughout the 18th century great crowds attended the regular executions in London and other cities(Ploski 6). Often an execution was followed by scenes of violence and disorder in the crowd. Public opinion eventually turned against the idea of executions as spectacles, and after 1868 executions were carried out in private prisons( Black 7). The earliest recorded execution committed in the U.S. under state authority was in 1864. During 1864-1890, 57 persons were executed under state authority( Kasper 8). Since the 1960's, 100% of the executions performed under civil authority have been state executions(Mello 7). The power for local governments to perform executions, however, greatly dropped during this century. Perhaps the transfer of death penalty power from local to state governments was partially due to increased technology. Improved communications made it easier to centralize the decision-making about executions with state governments(Black 9). The legal killing of a criminal by carrying out a death sentence is a type of punishment called capital punishment. By taking away a criminal's life, capital punishment is the ultimate penalty. From 1930 to 1933, 4,085 prisoners were executed in the United States(Haines 3). In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that laws regulating the death penalty in various states were defined as being unconstitutional in the form in which that existed at the time. This ruling prevented any executions from taking place period. In 1976, however, the Supreme Court upheld revised state laws regarding capital punishment, which made it legally possible again for states to carry out death sentences. From 1977 to 1993, 226 prisoners were executed(Kasper 2). Capital Punishment offenses differ between the states, and not all states have a death penalty. Most states with the death penalty choose first-degree murder as a capital offense. Some federal crimes also can be

Free Essays on Binge Drinking

A Deep Look at Binge Drinking I don’t kid myself one bit when I consider my drinking habits. I will be the first to admit that I do drink a lot of alcohol. Why do I do it? Well the answer is simple; I have a great time when I am drunk. I have a great time even if I drink myself to oblivion. I know that might sound a little strange, but to be honest, I get relatively mild hangovers no matter how much I drink. It may be a curse in disguise, but that really, is up to me. You could say that I have an antiutilitarian view of leisure, which means I am very laid back about my leisure time and my leisure time doesn’t always have to serve a purpose, but that is not entirely true. I balance that view with the social instrument view of leisure. I often go through periods of time, or phases, where my body is the most important thing to me and I take extra good care of it. My biggest problem seems to be consistency. The first time I ever got myself drunk I was 15 years old and I almost killed myself. I drank a water bottle full of vodka in a very short amount of time. My best friend had to call my dad to have him pick me up because I had passed out and wouldn’t wake up. The next morning I woke up to a very pissed off father who made sure that felt hung over, which I absolutely did. I drank that vodka to see what it would be like to get drunk. After that experience, I didn’t like getting drunk at all. Until of course, I got drunk for the second time. I decided to give it another try a few months later, this time at a high school party. I only had two beers and I was on top of the world. I was talking to people I had never talked to before, and had a great time doing it. There was no reason not to drink, at least in my head at that time. Here at Chico, there is alcohol everywhere, especially around social crowds. Chico is known all over the nation as being a party school. That makes it really hard to get away fr... Free Essays on Binge Drinking Free Essays on Binge Drinking A Deep Look at Binge Drinking I don’t kid myself one bit when I consider my drinking habits. I will be the first to admit that I do drink a lot of alcohol. Why do I do it? Well the answer is simple; I have a great time when I am drunk. I have a great time even if I drink myself to oblivion. I know that might sound a little strange, but to be honest, I get relatively mild hangovers no matter how much I drink. It may be a curse in disguise, but that really, is up to me. You could say that I have an antiutilitarian view of leisure, which means I am very laid back about my leisure time and my leisure time doesn’t always have to serve a purpose, but that is not entirely true. I balance that view with the social instrument view of leisure. I often go through periods of time, or phases, where my body is the most important thing to me and I take extra good care of it. My biggest problem seems to be consistency. The first time I ever got myself drunk I was 15 years old and I almost killed myself. I drank a water bottle full of vodka in a very short amount of time. My best friend had to call my dad to have him pick me up because I had passed out and wouldn’t wake up. The next morning I woke up to a very pissed off father who made sure that felt hung over, which I absolutely did. I drank that vodka to see what it would be like to get drunk. After that experience, I didn’t like getting drunk at all. Until of course, I got drunk for the second time. I decided to give it another try a few months later, this time at a high school party. I only had two beers and I was on top of the world. I was talking to people I had never talked to before, and had a great time doing it. There was no reason not to drink, at least in my head at that time. Here at Chico, there is alcohol everywhere, especially around social crowds. Chico is known all over the nation as being a party school. That makes it really hard to get away fr...

Evaluating systamtic reviews(evidence based medicine) Article

Evaluating systamtic reviews(evidence based medicine) - Article Example The search for the study was relatively complete and there was some validity to the study because it was shown that CBT was effective for 4 months, but there was no difference compared to GP by 1 year. Individual data was not used in the study rather it was grouped together in order to run statistical analysis to determine significance. CBT is more effective than GP at lowering depression by 4 months, but by 1 year there is no significant difference. 2. How effective is meditation in the treatment of exam anxiety? There was no exact clinical question. It was a randomized trial study to see if people with a diagnosable anxiety disorder would benefit from different types of meditation in comparison to their counterparts of: pharmacological treatment, other psychological treatment, other methods of meditation, or no intervention at all. This study does not have much validity due to the fact that there are many different types of anxiety that are being measured. Individual patient data w as not used specifically in analyzing the results. Meditation is effective at cognitive restricting which can reduce anxiety, but does not reduce the anxiety as a treatment solely by itself.